, personal dissention, and business chaos.
Brian Epstein became the Beatles' manager in 1962 when the Beatles were playing the Cavern Club, a local bar that was close to his store. He made quite an impression on the Beatles when he first saw them. At the time John was 21 and Paul was 19. Brian was a very polished man. He was well dressed, well spoken, educated, an established business man, and he was older (6 years older than John was). Brian liked their sound and saw their potential from the beginning. He also noticed that they put no thought into their appearance whatsoever. So his first order of business as manager was to clean up their appearance and show them how to have them a more polished stage presence. He had them wear suits, get haircuts, and told them to stop swearing and smoking onstage. He taught them stage discipline. He told them to bow from the waist after each song. Brian had very good visual good scene. He provided the Beatles with theatrical management. As a result of his efforts, he managed to book the Beatles in higher quality, higher paying venues. He shopped their demo at every record company he could think of. He set up auditions at the ones who didn't turn him away. In May 1962, he played their record for George Martin. At the time of Brian’s death, the Beatles were at the height of their popularity.
George Martin commented: "Brian’s death was dreadful to everybody. I mean, it was actually shattering. No one could possibly conceive that it would happen and the boys were completely broken up by it. They were like a ship without a rudder for a while, and Magical Mystery Tour, which followed, was Paul’s attempt to try and pull everybody together. It was a real tough time."
John, the closest Beatle to Brian, was devastated and foresaw the end: "I knew that we were in trouble then. I didn't really have any misconceptions about our ability to do anything other than play music, and I was scared. I thought, ``’We've fuckin' had it’… After Brian died, we collapsed. Paul took over and supposedly led us. But what leading us, when we went around in circles? We broke up. That was the disintegration ….''
Touring
While the band not touring anymore is probably not as big of a factor as Brian’s death, it is still a factor. Paul is the Beatle most concerned with touring. He recognizes that Beatles touring had become pointless, non-musical, and somewhat dangerous. On the other hand, he likes to tour and feels it’s essential to maintain a musician’s craft. He was quick to get Wings together and on the road after the Beatles ended. He identifies stopping touring as a source of the Beatles’ problems: "I think the troubles really began when we weren’t aiming anymore for the same thing, which began, I think when we stopped touring in 1966. By 1969 we hadn’t actually played for anyone in a long time. And being a good musician requires this contact with people all the time."
The band stopped touring in 1966 for good reasons, but overall it probably would have been healthier for them to play out occasionally in some capacity. You can see in the video of the rooftop concert that the Beatles, especially John and Paul, were having the time of their life, in spite of the bleakness that filled the studio that they were going to have to return to. This is the spark Paul was trying to achieve in the end when he suggested they play small unannounced gigs in disguise. Unfortunately, it was just too late.
The Studio
Paul said that "by the time we made "Abbey Road
", John and I were openly critical of each other's music and I felt John wasn't much interested in performing anything he hadn't written himself...So I felt the split coming. And John kept saying we were musically standing still."
There were complaints about Paul’s bossiness in the studio. Keep in mind now that Paul’s bossiness was nothing new. He was always this way and the other Beatles were used to it and used to standing up to it. They had disagreements, just like they always had. There’s a famous scene in the "Let it Be" film where Paul and George get into an argument after Paul tells George how he should be playing guitar. George ends up walking out of the session. Paul had a similar experience with Ringo months earlier and Ringo walked out of the session as well.
John was resentful towards Paul in the last sessions. He didn’t feel the necessary amount time was put into his songs. He accuses Paul of ‘subconscious sabotage.’ He feels that Paul was trying to destroy some of his songs, like ‘Strawberry Fields’ and ‘Across the Universe.’ He felt that these songs were badly recorded and that the experimentation in the studio always seemed to happen on his songs.
John also mentions that he "always thought there was this underlying thing in Paul's 'Get Back.' When we were in the studio recording it, every time he sang the line 'Get back to where you once belonged,' he'd look at Yoko."
After seeing, the ‘Let it Be’ film, John comments "I felt sad, you know… Also, I felt . . . that film was set up by Paul for Paul. That is one of the main reasons the Beatles ended. I can't speak for George, but I pretty damn well know we got fed up of being sidemen for Paul. After Brian died, that's what happened, that's what began to happen to us. The camera work was set up to show Paul and not anybody else. And that's how I felt about it."
Another problem in the studio was Yoko Ono’s presence. "George recalls "being freaked out with Yoko. The four of us had been through a lot together and we were very close... most of the time. We weren't close all the time. I don't know. I thought we were very possessive of each other in a way. The wives and the girlfriends never came to the studio... THAT was when WE were together. So, Yoko came in. And that was fine as John's relationship when we all said hello to her, because she was with John. But then she's sittin' in the studio on his amp. I mean, the pair of them were amazing... They suit each other, I think. So, we all got a bit weird, and I was wondering what was happening one day. So I was saying to John, 'What is going on here? You're always together all the time, you know. You're freaking me out a bit."
Overall, the studio was full of tension for everybody but Yoko. The band had to deal with Paul’s bossiness and John’s obsession with Yoko. The others were irritated by Yoko’s interference, and John resented their resentment.
Yoko Ono
John met Yoko in November 1966 and pretty much immediately fell desperately in love with her. He assumes that since he loves her so much her that everybody else will love her too. The problem is that the band was uncomfortable with her in the studio. John had her by his side and later in a bed in the studio, in the studio while that band was trying to work. She wanted to be treated as an equal, but she wasn’t a Beatle. Yoko freely commented and criticized the work as it was being recorded. No other Beatles' wives or girl friends had been in the studio. Yoko demands to be treated as an equal, but she’s not an equal, she’s not a Beatle.
Paul sees Yoko from two different perspectives. First, he recognizes that she is the perfect woman for John and is very happy for him. "Yoko had freed John to explore the avant-garde in ways that had not been possible in during John's married years in suburbia. In fact she wanted more. Do it more, do it double, be more daring, take all your clothes off! She always pushed him, which he liked; nobody had ever pushed him like that."
On the other hand, Paul does admit that he was hurt by being replaced by her "It was ...like old army buddies splitting up on account of wedding bells. You know..." (sings) "'Those wedding bells are breaking up that old gang of mine.' He'd fallen in love, and none of us was stupid enough to say, 'Oh, you shouldn't love her.' We could recognize that, but that didn't diminish the hurt we were feeling by being pushed aside. He also admits "The thing is, in truth, I never really got on that well with Yoko anyway. It was John who got on well with her--that was John who got on well with her... that was the whole point."
When asked how he would characterize George's, Paul's and Ringo's reaction to Yoko, John said "It's the same. You can quote Paul, it's probably in the papers; he said it many times that at first he hated Yoko, and then he got to like her. But it's too late for me. I'm for Yoko. Why should she take that kind of shit from those people? They were writing about her looking miserable in the film Let It Be, but you sit through sixty sessions with the most bigheaded, uptight people on earth and see what it's fuckin' like and be insulted. And George, shit, insulted her right to her face in the Apple office at the beginning, just being ``straightforward,'' you know, that game of ``I'm going to be upfront, because this is what we've heard,'' and Dylan and a few people said she'd got a lousy name in New York. That's what George said to her! And we both sat through it. I didn't hit him; I don't know why. Ringo was all right, but the other two really gave it to us. I'll never forgive them, I don't care what fuckin' shit about Hare Krishna and God and Paul with his ``Well, I've changed me mind.'' I can't forgive 'em for that, really. Although I can't help still loving them either."
Allen Klein
In January, 1967, Beatles, LTD. became Apple Corps, LTD. Magical Mystery Tour was the first production credited to Apple Corps. After Brian Epstein’s death, Paul became involved with the business of the Beatles. It was Paul’s idea to do Apple. He structured it. Once it started going Paul was very active with it. Soon, the business got complicated and a bit chaotic. So, the Beatles needed a new manager.
"Allen Klein had been making overtures towards the Beatles for several years before Brian’s death, letting them know their record deals could be a lot more lucrative. Brian knew about this and it caused him some anxiety." Paul in addition, to Brian, was against Allan King. Now, without Brian, Paul was on his own.
Allen Klein was an American accountant who managed many acts including the Rolling Stones. His specialty was identifying and digging out money from record companies that was owed to performers. The record companies would usually just pay off the discrepancy. Paul says Klein’s style was very persuasive. You want it, it’s yours. He describes Klein’s method: Yoko "wanted an art exhibition and was having some difficulty maybe getting it on… So we all ended up paying for her Syracuse exhibition – a quarter each – and she wasn’t even in the group…. He’d do anything anyone wanted – if he needed to influence that person." Klein’s other specialty was firing anyone who was remotely close to the Beatles. Alistair Taylor, Brian Epstein’s former personal assistant, says "I never met Allen Klein, It’s the only time in my life I’ve been fired from a job and never met the person who did it."
John and Yoko met with Klein and thought he would be a good manager. So John hired him as his manager in February, 1969. "When (they Beatles) asked him why, John said ‘well he’s the only one Yoko liked.’" Apparently, he and Yoko were impressed with the way he handled the Rolling Stones. George and Ringo followed John and also signed with Klein. Paul didn’t like Kline. He thought the 20% they were agreeing to be outrageous, and they should go back and ask for 15%. The others refused to even bring it up with Klein. Paul refused to sign the agreement.
Paul suggested Lee Eastman, his new in-law, as a possible lawyer, but the others said no, because he’d be too biased for Paul and against the others. Paul could see their point. Eastman warned Paul that Klein: "was viewed with suspicion in New York because of the Cameo Parkway affair; that some fifty lawsuits decorated the escutcheon of Klein’s company, ABKCO; and that Klein himself currently faced ten charges by the I.R.S. for failing to file income tax returns."
Up until this point in time, if any Beatles had a problem with any plan, it was vetoed. It was always fair this way. Paul didn’t like Allen Klein and he didn’t like being voted out of a Beatles decision. The three-to-one situation was very awkward and as a result ‘things’ happened later. Paul really resented what they did to him.
John Announces to the "Beatles" he’s Leaving
In May 1969, Paul tried to get the band to play live. He suggested that they play unannounced in small clubs, maybe in disguise. Ringo liked the idea. George was a bit reserved about it. When Paul told John, John said Paul was daft and said "I might as well tell you, I’m leaving the group. I want a divorce, like my divorce with Cynthia." John had told Allen Klein already. Klein told John to keep silent, even to the other Beatles, until the Capital deal was done. John agreed, but found it impossible not to tell the others.
"A furious row developed, with John railing bitterly at Paul for his "granny" music, especially ‘Ob-la-di’ and ‘Maxwell's Silver Hammer,’ on the ‘Abbey Road’ which John had particularly detested. He told Paul he was sick of ‘fighting for time’ on their albums, and of always taking the B-sides on singles…George interrupted resentfully that songs he had recorded this year were often those he had written years earlier but not been allowed to release. He added that he never really felt the Beatles were backing him. After a six month silence, Paul called John and said he was putting out an album and was leaving the group also. John replied "That makes two of us who have accepted it mentally."
Paul Makes the Announcement
Paul notified what remained of Apple that he wanted his solo album, McCartney, to be released in early April. Klein said no because "Let It Be
" and Ringo’s solo album "Sentimental Journey
" were being released at the same time. Paul then appealed directly to Sir Joseph Lockwood who said Paul had to accept the majority decision. Ringo came in to deliver to Lockwood his personal explanation to the letters from John and George that confirmed that "McCartney" would have to be postponed. Ringo, in an affidavit described how upset he was when Paul "went completely out of control, prodding his fingers towards my face, saying ‘I’ll finish you all now, and you’ll pay.’" Ringo then talked John and George into letting Paul release on April 17, 1970 and pushing ‘Let it Be’ back and bringing ‘Sentimental Journey" forward.
On April 17, 1970 "McCartney
" is released. The album contained an inserted questionnaire that reveals that the Beatles are broken up and have no plans on doing anything in the future. Paul’s reasons are "personal differences, business, differences, and musical differences. He doesn’t foresee another Lennon-McCartney writing partnership in the future. He also states that neither Allen Klein nor ABKCO Industries have been or ever will be in any way involved in with the production, manufacturing, distribution, or promotion of the record.
John had honored his agreement with Klein to stay silent about the breakup. George and Ringo also kept quiet. John had made it very clear that he was the one who was going to make the announcement. He found it hard to forgive Paul for using the split as a publicity stunt on his first solo album. Paul says he "didn’t realize it would hurt him that much or that it mattered who was first." Paul says he felt guilty about lying to the public by not saying anything and it was about time that someone told the public. The Beatles had been broken up for eight months before Paul’s announcement.
Paul’s Lawsuit
On December 31, 1970, Paul filed a law suit against the other three Beatles in order to dissolve the partnership. The Beatles had signed a ten year partnership agreement in 1967. At the time they really didn’t look at the agreement and they forgot about it. It had been discovered recently. It meant that if they wanted to do anything like put out an album, they would each have to get the three others’ permission. Paul wanted to just rip it up. The others had been advised that destroying it would cause serious bad consequences for them. To Paul, this was just another three-to-one vote, like the hiring of Allen Klein. The Beatles had broken up in every sense but not on paper. Paul took it to court to be done with it completely.
Reaction to the Breakup
Paul remembers that, "Our manager, Neil Aspinall, had to read the official wording dissolving the partnership. He was supposed to say it aloud to us in a deadly serious voice and he couldn't do it. He did a Nixon wobble. His voice went. And we were all suddenly aware of a sort of physical consequence of what had been going on. I thought, Oh, God, we really have broken up the Beatles. Oh, shit."
Paul was asked if he thought John ever missed the Beatles, he responded, "I don't know. My theory is that he didn't. Someone like John would want to end the Beatle period and start the Yoko period. And he wouldn't like either to interfere with the other. As he was with Yoko, anything about the Beatles tended inevitably to be an intrusion. So I think he was interested enough in his new life to genuinely not miss us."
Paul was probably right. John said in an interview: "I never went to high school reunions. My thing is, Out of sight, out of mind. That's my attitude toward life. So I don't have any romanticism about any part of my past. I think of it only inasmuch as it gave me pleasure or helped me grow psychologically. That is the only thing that interests me about yesterday. I don't believe in yesterday, by the way. You know I don't believe in yesterday. I am only interested in what I am doing now."
Imagine – How Do You Sleep?
On August 8, 1971, John releases "Imagine
." The song "How Do You Sleep?" is comically nasty. I don’t know what to say about this song except that is about Paul McCartney and its very nasty. I don’t think it could be a response to "Too Many People" because the albums were released two months apart. "Imagine was probably finalized and being pressed and packaged for retail by the time "Ram
" was release. Here’s a slightly shortened version on John’s song: